Some Writing from Nancy Tucker :: Literature Papers

Some Writing from Nancy TuckerThis page contains three pieces, Advice to fresh Poets and Writers, Driving,and The Big Five- O. Advice to Young Poets and WritersLife is not easy. Write. Because you can, you must. Remember your roots, your pain. Use them. But roots and pain are not enough--move on from your own past. Look outward--use your eyes to see both(prenominal) what other people do not see and what other people see but do not talk about. Write. Learn to listen to the crickets, the dogs, the close call of bicycles and to other peoples stories. Ask questions. Wait for answers. Write. Look inward--test truth on your own pulses. Writing is both art and craft Use your skill, your talent to tell the truth--thats the take down of being a writer. Write. Avoid self-righteousness--other people stick out truths, too. Laugh. And cry. In the same sentence, if you can do it well. Be afraid. Write anyway. Always, always, always do what your teachers say cannot be done. And when you tea ch, if you teach, remember you too are a learner respect your students truths even as you nudge them toward growth. Write. Begin now.Nancy Tucker April, 1997 Return to 313-2000 Return to 313 action Return to 840 work Return to Nancy Tuckers homepageDrivingIts 630 and I drag my briefcase to my car, pull out of the parking lot and join the snake of cars heading home. The fresh line becomes my guide as darkness slips down behind me. Im on the road again, Willie. Drivin my life away, Eddie. I eat flattened product n pastry bars from a side pocket in my purse and wish for pasta in alfredo sauce or a dim burger and a beer. But Im still driving, driving, driving, so theres no hope of that. nt ? March, 2000THE BIG FIVE-0H by Nancy TuckerI have a book on my nightstand called Aging Gracefully. Someone bought it for me, hoping it would give me hope and courage, I guess. Its next to another gift book, Women Turning 50. Oh yeah, you guessed it. In a hardly a(prenominal) days. The Big 5-0. Half-a-century. Yeah, it boggles my mind, too- Im gonna be 50. While Im pleased that people think of me and care enough to give me books, I really believe that 50 is something that happens to someone else.

Story of Saint Hilarion Castle and Queen Regaena :: Byzantine Cyprus

Story of St. Hilarion Castle and Queen RegaenaWelcome to St. Hilarion, step forward into Queen Regaenas house to receive your pay for your hard work and dedication As I step through the doorway, there is the alluring Queen Regaena just inside the undecided window of her chamber. I cross the room, and I unexpectedly feel the guards presence close in behind me. Suddenly, they grab me and force me through the open window. As the guards push me from the precipice outside the window, Thank you again, are the last words I hear, as I fall to my death in the valley below.The fairy tale-looking fastness of St. Hilarion was built by the Byzantine queen, Regaena, the end of the 11th century. Queen Regaena was the most beautiful lady in the land of Cyprus, alas she was also the most granitic and cruel. She was a greedy woman and desired to have the most beautiful and elaborate fortress in all of Cyprus.Queen Regaena insisted on overseeing the construction of the castle herself. No detail wa s to be overlooked. In planning such a large and magnificent castle, Queen Regaena knew that she would need a large workforce. She gathered a large number of sturdy men from near and far and forced them to build her castle. She required the men to form lines, standing side by side, and ease up the materials from man to man until they reached their assigned destination. This was difficult work since most of the materials had to be transported from the valley to the summit of the mountain. But goal was to complete the castle in Regaenas lifetime so she could enjoy it. Finally, the glorious castle was completed and she named it St. Hilarion Castle. Its unsurpassed grandeur impressed all who beheld it. Queen Regaena should have been joyful at the closure of St. Hilarion, however, she was worried.Over the years, Queen Regaena had amassed a large fortune of gold and wealth in her family treasury. Her greatest fear was that the workers who constructed the castle would remember the hidden location of the violet treasure room. She sat in a chamber inthe western wing of the castle and thought of a plan to prevent possible robbery. This specific chamber had a window which opened onto an enormous precipice and had a breathtaking view of the valley far below. Sitting at this window, she devised an evil plan to cling to her treasure.

Comparing Home in Richard Fords I Must Be Going and Scott Sanders Hom

Comparing Home in Richard Fords I Must Be Going and Scott Sanders HomeplaceMost people define home as a comfortable setting which provides love and warmth. In Scott Sanders Homeplace and Richard Fords I Must Be Going the apprehension of home is defined in two different ways. Sanders believes that by moving from place to place, the meaning of home has been diminished. Sanders believes that Americas culture nudges everyone into motion (Sanders 103) and that his want to become an inhabitant rather than a drifter (103) is what sets him apart from everyone else. Ford prefers to stay on the move. His argument is lifes too short to catch up with in one place. He believes home is where you make it, entirely permanence is not a requirement. Sanders argues that in our national mythology, the worst fate is to be confine on a farm, in a village, or in some unglamorous marriage (Sanders 102). Ford is a prime example of someone who believes this myth. In all of Fords moves fro m place to place, he has been in search of something offend. He says that all of his moving is a result of longing that overtakes me like a fast car on the freeway and makes me willing to withstand a feeling of personal temporariness (Ford 109). Ford acts on his feelings without realizing that he will only be there for a short time. Sanders associates yearning for some other place as being wrong. He quotes Henry Thoreau saying, The man who is often thinking that it is better to be somewhere else than where he is excommunicates himself (104). Ford does believe staying in one place is normal, One never moves without an uneasiness that staying is the norm (110). However, Ford blames growing up in Jackson, Mississippi as his reason for wil... ...t people Rushdie mentions here. Ford is the person who roots himself in ideas because he is always looking for that special place but can never find it. Sanders would rather commit himself to one spot because he feels any one place is as good as any. Sanders gains this card based on the discoveries of Copernicus and that Earth is not the center of the universe. He believes, any point is as good as any other for observing the land (Sanders 103). Ford finds no truth in this statement as he continues to move toward someplace we badly need to go (Ford 111).Works CitedSanders, Scott Homeplace. Seeing and Writing. Donald McQuade and Christine Mcquade. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/ St. Martins, 2000. 101-104Ford, Richard I Must Be Going Seeing and Writing. Donald McQuade and Christine McQuade. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 109-111

The Pursuit of Happiness and the Union of Aristotle and Genesis Essay

The Pursuit of Happiness and the Union of Aristotle and Genesis Two major schools of thought broadly influenced the development of the moral edict of Western Civilization. The Judeo-Christian tradition gave us faith and God finished the text of the Bible. The ancient Greeks gave us philosophical inquiry and the Good through the teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle proposes that the Good is the highest end of homophiles actions. Happiness is the Good because it is the only end man pursues with no other end in mind. A man obtains this highest end by living his life in a virtuous manner. In marked contrast, a careful reading of Genesis shows that, in the terra firma of the Hebrews, the highest end of a mans actions is faith in and communication with God himself. Oneness with God is the highest end because no other god exists. A man obtains this highest end by obeying Gods commands and fulfilling Gods plan for him. On first examination, the balances between these two constructs seem negligible. But when we touch closely at the ways in which the men of Genesis obtain their highest ends, we find that their means are less than virtuous in the eyes of Aristotle. To background God, the ends seem to justify the means, while to reach the Good, the virtuous path is crucial. Although this inherent difference in the two systems of morality seems to oppose them to one another, the difference between them has actually helped meld them together to form our modern view of happiness. We need both views that wicked means will corrupt even the better(p) ends, and that good ends can justify any means. In fact, there are stories in each text that describe a man who finds happiness through God, or the Good, ... ...e which cannot be taken away second, according to Genesis, because we have been given happiness by communion with a God who is ever present. Although not everyone considered to be a member of Western society holds thes e views on happiness, one can see these two roots in our construct of happiness. In our very American constitution, we acknowledge our inalienable right to the pursuit of happiness. This phrase represents nothing other than the ultimate union of Aristotle and Genesis we are guaranteed as humans, as a God-given right, the capacity to strive for happiness through the Aristotelian process. NOTES1. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, trans. Martin Ostwald (Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall, 1999).2. Genesis, trans. Robert Alter (New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1996).3. The Holy Bible, King James Version (New York American Bible Society).

Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers

Is Subliminal Advertising Effective?The fairish American views an average of 1500 ads every iodine twenty-four hours Did you know that some of these ads grant cabalistic pictures, words, or even sound in spite of appearance of them? These privy things be called subliminal messages. When employ correctly, these secret messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things.What are Subliminal Messages?Subliminal messages are things that are stored at heart of our subconscious. They are known as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things deep down our subconscious. The subconscious is one part of our brain. We are not conscious of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see It works just like a reckoner because it views information (ads), and stores it into our memory (brain.) Some examples are a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture a audio message hidden inside a cassette tape hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards hidden words or pictures that quickly appear inside a television show, flick, or moneymaking(prenominal) In rear for these items to be subliminal or hidden messages, they must not be noticeable to the human oculus or ear.Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following little slips of the tongue unexplainable actions or thoughts ideas, songs and memories that unawares pop into our heads In the BeginningSubliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an invisible commercial for a movie theatre. This invisible commercial contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words Drink Coca-Cola and Hungary? Eat Popcorn would blink away on the screen. These interruptions would occur eve ry five seconds, and they would last for 1/3000th of a second. These brief food and drink interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the sight that watched these commercials had an unexplainable excite to eat popcorn and drink coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%. hoi polloi were outraged when they heard about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossible to reach any other way.Subliminal messages are also inside tapes to help people quit smoking and miss weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people dont always stop smoking after auditory sense to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they apply to.ConclusionSubliminal messages are a very, very powerful marketing tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short precondition. The only exception to this short term effect occurs when the s ubliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something.Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads.SourcesSubliminal Messages resilient and Well komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, subliminal advertising return of the hidden persuaders disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/The Effects of Subliminal Advertising uoguelph.ca/mbateson/subliminal.htmlThomas, Chris Subliminal Perception cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_perception.htmLeroux, Kivi Subliminal Messages emagazine.com/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers Is Subliminal Advertising Effective?The average American views an average of 1500 ads every single day Did you know that some of these ads have hidden pictures, words, or even sound inside of them? These hidden things are called subliminal messages. When used correctly, these hidden messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things.Wh at are Subliminal Messages?Subliminal messages are things that are stored inside of our subconscious. They are known as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things inside our subconscious. The subconscious is one part of our brain. We are not aware of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see It works just like a computer because it views information (ads), and stores it into our memory (brain.) Some examples are a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture a audio message hidden inside a cassette tape hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards hidden words or pictures that quickly appear inside a television show, movie, or commercial In order for these items to be subliminal or hidden messages, they must not be noticeable to the human eye or ear.Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following little slips of the tongue unexplainable actions or thoughts ideas, songs and memories that suddenly pop into our heads In the BeginningSubliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an invisible commercial for a movie theatre. This invisible commercial contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words Drink Coca-Cola and Hungary? Eat Popcorn would flash on the screen. These interruptions would occur every five seconds, and they would last for 1/3000th of a second. These brief food and beverage interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the people that watched these commercials had an unexplainable urge to eat popcorn and drink coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%.People were outraged when they heard about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossib le to reach any other way.Subliminal messages are also inside tapes to help people quit smoking and lose weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people dont always stop smoking after listening to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they used to.ConclusionSubliminal messages are a very, very powerful marketing tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short term. The only exception to this short term effect occurs when the subliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something.Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads.SourcesSubliminal Messages Alive and Well komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, subliminal advertising return of the hidden persuaders disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/The Effects of Subliminal Advertising uoguelph.ca/mbateson/subliminal.htmlThomas, Chris Subliminal Perception cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_p erception.htmLeroux, Kivi Subliminal Messages emagazine.com/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html

Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers

Is imperceptible Advertising Effective?The number American views an average of 1500 ads every single day Did you know that some of these ads have hidden pictures, words, or even salutary inside of them? These hidden things are called imperceptible heart and souls. When use correctly, these hidden messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things.What are unperceivable Messages?subliminal messages are things that are stored inside of our unconscious. They are know as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things inside our subconscious. The subconscious is hotshot violate of our brain. We are not aware of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see It works and like a computer because it views information (ads), and stores it into our remembering (brain.) Some examples are a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture a audio message hidden inside a cassette tap e hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards hidden words or pictures that cursorily appear inside a television show, movie, or commercial In order for these items to be subliminal or hidden messages, they must not be broad to the human eye or ear.Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following little slips of the tongue unexplainable actions or thoughts ideas, songs and memories that suddenly pop into our heads In the BeginningSubliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an unseeable commercial for a movie theatre. This invisible commercial contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words toast Coca-Cola and Hungary? Eat Popcorn would flash on the screen. These interruptions would occur every five seconds, and they would last for 1/300 0th of a second. These brief food and beverage interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the sight that watched these commercials had an unexplainable urge to eat popcorn and drink in coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%.People were outraged when they hear about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossible to reach any other way.Subliminal messages are also inside tapes to help people quit smoking and lose weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people dont always impediment smoking after citeening to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they used to.ConclusionSubliminal messages are a very, very powerful merchandise tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short term. The scarce exception to this short term effect occurs when the subliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something.Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads.SourcesSubliminal Messages Alive and Well komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, subliminal advertising return of the hidden persuaders disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/The Effects of Subliminal Advertising uoguelph.ca/mbateson/subliminal.htmlThomas, Chris Subliminal Perception cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_perception.htmLeroux, Kivi Subliminal Messages emagazine.com/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers Is Subliminal Advertising Effective?The average American views an average of 1500 ads every single day Did you know that some of these ads have hidden pictures, words, or even sound inside of them? These hidden things are called subliminal messages. When used correctly, these hidden messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things.What are Subliminal Messages?Subliminal messages are things that are stored inside of our subconscious. They are known as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things inside our subconscious. The subconscious is one part of our brain. We are not aware of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see It works just like a computer because it views information (ads), and stores it into our memory (brain.) Some examples are a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture a audio message hidden inside a cassette tape hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards hidden words or pictures that quickly appear inside a television show, movie, or commercial In order for these items to be subliminal or hidden messages, they must not be noticeable to the human eye or ear.Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following little slips of the tongue unexplainable actions or thoughts ideas, songs and memories that suddenly pop into our heads In the BeginningSubliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an invisible commercial for a movie theatre. This invisible commercial contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words Drink Coca-Cola and Hungary? Eat Popcorn would flash on the screen. These interruptions would occur every five seconds, and they would last for 1/3000th of a second. These brief food and beverage interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the people that watched these commercials had an unexplainable urge to eat popcorn and drink coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%.People were outraged when they heard about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossible to reach any other way.Subliminal messages are also ins ide tapes to help people quit smoking and lose weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people dont always stop smoking after listening to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they used to.ConclusionSubliminal messages are a very, very powerful marketing tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short term. The only exception to this short term effect occurs when the subliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something.Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads.SourcesSubliminal Messages Alive and Well komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, subliminal advertising return of the hidden persuaders disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/The Effects of Subliminal Advertising uoguelph.ca/mbateson/subliminal.htmlThomas, Chris Subliminal Perception cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_perception.htmLeroux, Kivi Subliminal Messages emagazine.co m/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html

Aids/Hiv Essay 6

Kimberly S. Johnson SOS 313 Social Implications of Medical Issues kind Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Its Deadly Effects Deanna Swinford March 14, 2010 Over the past some decenniums Human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) infection & Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention strategies has focused on helping high attempt individuals including individuals un septic with human immunodeficiency virus.The responsibility of National programs is to inform the public regarding prevention strategies, identify priorities, plan, and implement disease prevention strategies. Its common make loveledge all over the world that human immunodeficiency virus infection is the leading cause of death. Human immunodeficiency virus human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS remain the leading causes of illness and death in the United States. As of December 2004, an estimated 944,306 persons had trustworthy a diagnosis of AIDS, and of these 529,113 (56%) had died (C cy pher for affection Control, 2010). Approximately 40,000 impertinent cases of HIV infection occur each year and 40 million populate worldwide are now living with HIV (Falvo, 2010, pg. 318). Everyone knows, or should be aware that theres no way to restore their damaged insubordinate system, and no cure for HIV, nor for AIDS. Advances in medical exam systems straight off engender shown improved life expectancy. Since 1995, the number of deaths from AIDS in the United States has declined so significantly that HIV/AIDS is no longer treated as a terminal illness but rather as a chronic condition to be managed (Falvo, 2010, pg. 18). A virus is an infectious organism that can non capture or reproduce outside living cells. To survive, it must enter a living cell and use the reproductive capacity of that cell for its own replication. Consequently, when a virus enters a cell, it instructs the cell to reproduce the virus (Falvo, 2010, pg. 313). Normally the body recognizes these as fore ign, this is how a wellnessy resistive system is suppose to work, as I remember from anatomy and physiology, indeed allow for destroy the foreign cells.Some will remain dormant, sometimes for long periods of time, and without causing problems, but facilitate will remain in our body with separate cells and can replicate at any time. HIV infection is caused by a retrovirus called HIV. A retrovirus uses a change process called reverse transcription to reproduce itself. This process uses a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase to integrate the viruss genetic material into the other cells. HIV essentially takes over these cellsprimarily the CD4 cells to produce more HIV.They multiply extremely quickly and some errors caused by this rapid generation of ells are not corrected, so there are constant mutations of the virus. Some of the cells containing the virus burst, releasing HIV directly into the blood stream. Consequently, there can be both infected cells and virus in the blo od traveling to other sites (Falvo, 2010, pg. 313). This rapid generation of cells explain why some patients who may have been somewhat stable, then they rapidly deteriorate or their medications do not seem to work anymore.The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary depending on the phase of the infection. Early infectionwhen first infected with HIV, you may have no signs or symptoms at all, although its more common to develop a brief flu-like illness two to four weeks afterward becoming infected. Signs and symptoms may intromit * Fever * Headache * Sore throat * Swollen lymph glands * Rash Even if you dont have symptoms, youre still able to transmit the virus to others. Once the virus enters your body, your immune system also comes under attack.The virus multiplies in your lymph nodes and slowly begins to destroy your helper T cells (CD4 lymphocytes) the white blood cells that coordinate your entire immune system (Mayo clinic, 2010). In my opinion, this phase is when nigh HIV is transmitt ed, sexually people dont know they have it, they are engaging in unprotected sex and its just too late. This among others is a priority needed regarding informing public awareness. subsequent infectionyou may remain symptom free for eight or nine years or more.As the virus awaits to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms such(prenominal) as * Swollen lymph nodes-often one of the first signs of HIV infection * Diarrhea * Weight difference * Fever * Cough & Shortness of Breath This phase is scary in itself it could be a multitude of conditions, an individual wouldnt know, depending on their lifestyle, probably have a clue that they have aides. I do not think any of our physicians would guess HIV infection either.Thinking back, I have taken care of a few HIV patients, and if I didnt already know they had the infection, I dont think I could have guessed it still they do have a dark circles around their eyes, deathly look, and very pal e. A number of the signs and symptoms are just what you would guess for the flu, or respiratory infection. upright think for so many years, they are carrying the virus, and not knowing During the last phase of HIVwhich occurs ten or more years after the initial infection, more serious symptoms begin to appear, infection may then meet the official definition of AIDS.In 1993 the CDC redefined AIDS to mean the presence of HIV infection as shown by a positive HIV antibody test plus at least one of the following * The development of an opportunistic infection-an infection that occurs when your immune system is impaired. Such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) * A CD4 lymphocyte count of 200 of less (normal 800-1200) By the time AIDS develops your immune system has been severely damaged, making you susceptible to opportunistic infections. The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may involve * Soaking night sweats Shaking chills or fever higher than 100*F for some(prenomi nal) weeks * Dry cough and Shortness of Breath * Chronic diarrhea, Headaches * Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your express * Blurred or distorted vision, Weight loss You may also begin to experience signs and symptoms of later stages HIV infection itself, such as * Persistent, unexplained fatigue * Soaking night sweats * Shaking chills or fever higher than 100*F for several weeks * Chronic diarrhea, persistent headachesEveryone should get tried especially if they are engaging in high risk behavior, like IV do drugs use, unprotected sex. Every community should also make their people acquaintanceable about services available to them. High risk individuals also need to know these test are private and not released to anyone else, including the federal government, employers, insurance companies and family members, unless of course the individual gives permission or consent to do so as stated by the Mayo Clinic. (2010). There are several ways to become infected with HIV Sexual Transmission Vaginal, anal or oral sex with an infected cooperator whose blood, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. * Infected blood Since 1985, American hospitals and blood banks have screened the blood supply for HIV antibodies. * Needle sharing Needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing intravenous drug paraphernalia pieces individuals at high risk * Accidental Needle sticks HIV positive people and health care workers through needle sticks are low. Experts put the risk at far less than 1%. Mother to child Each year nearly 600,000 infants are infected with HIV, either during pregnancy or delivery or through breastfeeding. If women receive treatment during pregnancy, the risk to their babies is significantly reduced. In the U. S. about pregnant women are prescreened for HIV, and antiviral drugs are given. Not so in developing nations, where women seldom know there status, and treatment is limited or nonexistent. When medicat ions arent available, Caesarean section is recommended instead of vaginal delivery. Other options, such as vaginal disinfection, havent proven effective (Mayo clinic, 2010).Other sources of transmission can be sexual devices that are not washed or covered with a condom. The virus also can be present in vaginal tears or the rectum, which places the person at greater risk of developing HIV. Needle users also should be informed that some communities have a needle exchange program where they can trade used needles and syringes for new ones. Most individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS use a test to predict their prognosis called viral loading. This measures the amount of virus in the blood, of course the lower the load the better their prognosis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourages adolescents and adults ages 13 to 64 as a part of their routine medical care for these ages. Yearly testing should be done. Several tests can be done, including ELISA, and Western Blo t tests. ELISA looks for antibodies to the virus in a sample of your blood. If the test is positive, meaning you have the antibodies to HIV, they would repeat the test, and then do the western blot test, which checks for HIV proteins, combining the two tests confirms the diagnosis (Mayo clinic, 2010).There are home tests in which you mail in a hook of your blood, and call a toll free number to receive the results in three to seven business days. This test is marketed by Home Access Health, is as accurate as a clinical test, and if positive, they are all retested. We all know, there is no cure for HIV, nor for AIDS, which was first identified sometime in the 80s. Since that time a number of drugs have been developed to treat both HIV, and AIDS. The other problem, and a big one, with this condition, is the secondary infections that come along with HIV/AIDS. correspond to current guidelines, treatment should focus on achieving the maximum suppression of symptoms for as long as possib le. This aggressive approach is cognise as highly vigorous anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The aim of HAART is to reduce the amount of virus in your blood to very low or even nondetectable levels, although this doesnt mean the virus is gone. This is unremarkably accomplished by three or more drugs. The first anti-retroviral drugs developed Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).They inhibit the replication of the HIV enzyme called reverse transcriptase. They include zidovudine (Retrovir), Iamivudine (Epivir), didanosine (Videx). A newer drug emtricitabine (Emtriva), which must be used in combination with at least two other AIDS medications, treats both HIV and hepatitis B (Mayo clinic, 2010). Treatment should be also aimed at quality of life in my opinion, as most of these drugs cause a number of side effects, including the most common nausea, and diarrhea. Another drug, the Protease inhibitor, which interrupts HIV replication at a later stage in the life c ycle by interfering with an enzyme known as HIV protease. It causes HIV particles in your body to become structurally disorganized and noninfectious. Protease inhibitors are usually prescribed with other medications to help reverse drug resistance. A clinical trial with a Chemokine co-receptor inhibitors (CCR5 antagonists) make up a new class of drugs used to treat a type of HIV infection called CCR5-tropic HIV-1.The only drug in this classmaraviroc (Selzentry) was used in this trial , approximately twice as many people with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection who received maraviroc had undetectable viral loads after 24 weeks as did those who received more standard therapy in the control groups. The side effects of maraviroc may include liver and cardiovascular problems, as well as cough, fever, upper respiratory infections, rash and abdominal pain. The Presidents Emergency picture for AIDS time out (PEPFAR) is the most recent international social program instituted by the U. S. Governme nt to combat HIV/AIDS.Since its inception in 2003, this foreign policy initiative has give $63 billion for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in foreign countries. Despite PEPFARs many accomplishments, it continues to promote controversial prevention strategies (Barney, Buckingham, Friedrich, Johnson, Robinson, Sar, 2010, p. 9). The most important thing to remember, and to be able to implement is to get individuals, and doctors to coordinate HIV testing into routine medical care. The CDC has initiated several strategies for prevention Strategy 1 Incorporate HIV Testing as a Routine Part of Care in Traditional Medical Settings.CDC will issue recommendations strongly supporting(a) all health care providers to include HIV testing, when indicated, as part of routine medical care, like other routine medical tests by * Promoting remotion of real and perceived barriers to routine testing, including de-coupling HIV tests in the medical setting from extensive, pre-test prevention counseling . In some jurisdictions, statutory requirements, e. g. for pretest counseling, can serve as barriers to testing. * work with professional medical associations and others to promote adoption of the recommendations.CDC will work with public and private payors to promote appropriate reimbursement incentives. Strategy 2 Implement New Models for diagnose HIV Infections Outside Medical Settings. * Encouraging the use of HIV rapid testSome persons do not have access to conventional medical settings * Funding pilot projects in 2003, aimed at identifying the most effective models for HIV diagnosis and referral for medical and preventive care which CDC grantees can employ outside traditional medical settings Strategy 3 Prevent New Infections by Working with People Diagnosed with HIV and their retainers.CDC will promote preventive and treatment services deep down and outside traditional settings by * Working with HRSA to reach those who have been diagnosed with HIV but who are not receivi ng treatment and care * Conducting demonstration projects through health departments to provide prevention case management and counseling to people living with HIV. * Standardizing procedures for prevention interventions and evaluation activities to ensure that such measures are appropriate and effective. * Ensuring that requirements related to partner notification in grant guidelines are fully met. Piloting new approaches to partner notification, including rapid HIV testing for partners and using peers to conduct appropriate partner notification, prevention counseling, and referral. Strategy 4 Further Decrease Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Treatment of pregnant women and their infants can substantially reduce the number of babies born with HIV infection. * publicize screening of every pregnant woman for HIV, using the opt-out approach. Make prenatal HIV screening a routine part of medical care. * Promote screening of newborns whose mothers HIV status is not known (Center for Di sease Control, 2010).Historically, HIV and AIDS have been treated differently from other diseases or conditions. Since the last decade or so, it has changed, as far as how it is viewed medically. No longer is AIDS viewed as a deadly condition, rather its more looked at as a chronic, long term condition, that is treated like other diseases, we treat the symptoms, and the secondary infections. The problem with AIDS/HIV is the public doesnt have the knowledge that the medical community has, and will probably never understand, or believe the real ways of contracting the infection.We as health care professionals need to continue to inform the public regarding prevention, and encourage more public awareness of the need to be tested before it is too late. References Barney, R. , Buckingham, S. , Friedrich, J. , Johnson, L. , Robinson, M. , Sar. , B. (2010, Mar). The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) A Social Work Ethical Analysis and Recommendations. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 37(1), 9-22. Retrieved from Ebscohost database. Bashook, P. , Linsk, N. , Jacob, B. , Aguado, P. (2010, Feb). Outcomes of back up Education And Training Center HIV/Aids Skill-Building Workshops on Provider Practices. Aids Education and Prevention. 22 (1), 49. Retrieved from ProQuest database. Center for Disease Control. (2010). A Career with the CDC Global Aids Program. Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/globalAIDS/johs. html Falvo, D. (2009). Medical & Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic illness & Disability. Boston Jones & Bartlett. HIV/AIDS ALL. (2010). Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com References Insert References Here.

But Nothing Day

Foil Stafford Argument Analysis Imagine, a day in the vast United States of America where absolutely no goods argon sold nor purchased, in order to increase the awareness of the people about overconsumption. This is supposed to be an forward-looking way to expose environmental as well as ethical consequences due to consumerism, however this stance would fail horribly and should not be considered. Could unmatched fathom having all choices guided by the candid government. America does not have an all controlling government simply because there is no need for one.The United States should not implement an annual Buy Nothing daytime because the government was not formed to control the citizens on their moral or egocentric problems. Establishing an annual Buy Nothing Day does not leave room for exceptions. If soulfulness is out of gas then they can not get to work. If someone is in desperate need of food they might steal. Americas strongest yet weakest asset is its economy, so with it in a constant fluctuation, why interfere with its natural processes.Ultimately, a Buy Nothing Day go forth solve vigor because majority of the participants will not know the cause. Not to mention, it would be virtually impossible for everyone to be on the same accord, so trying to advocate this idea could potentially lead to violence. Hypothetically speaking, say a Buy Nothing Day was assay in the United States, it would more than likely be boycotted against. For example, during the Progressive Era, alcohol was banned by legislation so prohibition was boycotted. Instead of people not drinking, Americans drank more than when it was allowed.So, in correlation with prohibition, a Buy Nothing Day would increase spending either day before or after, resulting in a spike of consumerism than a normal day, contradicting the original purpose of Buy Nothing day. In retrospect, even if the country refrained from purchase on the mandated day, eventually consumerism would occur without buy ing things on that specific date because consumers will buy on a need-based timeline. As citizens we are still capable of audaciously driving to work or else of taking public transportation, or pass up water for an ice cold soft drink.One cannot assume that a Buy Nothing Day will, in any significant way, affect Americas pattern of overconsumption. Individuals and organizations who are for the Buy Nothing Day believe that it would show the American people the value of a dollar. Well, epoch this may be true for those who have specie, what about the people who on a daily basis undergo a Buy Nothing stage because they can not afford to purchase goods regardless? They say that it will promote consumerism as an excessive part of American lives so people will not buy.The process of informing consumers might work temporarily, but when it comes down to it people will do what they want to do. Finally, conservationists state that the plan would do nothing but make the United States more of a discipline nation, plus a plethora of European countries do it. Nevertheless, how many countries can say they are thriving like America? Not that many, plus a nation wants its people to spend money because that helps the economy flourish. If people stop spending money the economy plummets.Also, what if this one day thing, turned into a mass movement and people partook in it for multiple months. It spells nothing but catastrophic. In conclusion, economic constancy strengthens nativism and spending hard earned riches makes them an even stronger nation. Consumerism may be an issue in todays society but a Buy Nothing Day would essentially skyrocket consumerism, making the point completely worthless. America is a strong united nation as is, and with the program put in bureau or not, it will remain that way.

Pride and Prejudice †Coursework Assignment Essay

How does pride and prejudice affect Elizabeth and Darcys relationship?How does Elizabeth change her opinion ab bed to the fore Darcy after reading his letter?It is a truth univers ally ac bunk laidledged, that a single adult malekind in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.This is the opening fate of the famous book rob and Prejudice. The sentence automatically states to the reader that the story written is ab let on issues regarding marriage at the time. It is saying that a man in possession of good fortune is searching for a wife and a poor woman would love to marry him as to the money she would receive.The true copy (book) of Pride and Prejudice was published in the 19th degree Celsius (1813) and was named First Impressions. Jane Austen soon changed it to Pride and Prejudice, as the publishers would not accept it as it was expectn as weak novel. The book was written by an author, later known as Jane Austen. This is because Jane Austen was awargon of the attitude of men, which was negative towards women. The early 19th century view of women was stereotypical and sexist( but was considered perfectly rational at the time), reason being women were make passn little autonomy and it was virtually impossible to be item-by-item with men as men were considered to be superior and women ass the inferior beings.They believed that nature gave women the power to produce offspring, so they should vindicatory stay at substructure and c be for their children. People living at the time underestimated women, so were not al modested to participate in towering society doings, but if one was in high society it self , ten she had the power to write and publish books unlike Jane Austen. This probably gives an idea of the general attitude towards women at the time. They were held at a low esteem, put down, slaves for men, developed their knowledge at home.Life then is the same as in the book and Jane Austen uses the novel to criticise in the way whic h women were regarded.The sole(prenominal) career that women had was to marry their daughter(s) in high society the business of their life was to take their daughter(s) economically secure, which can lead them to eat their own identity in society. The novel Pride and Prejudice raises issues in society at that particular time e.g. marrying a man in possession of good fortune. The group that runs through the book is ab fall out people who are blinded by their pride, ego which last leads them to be prejudice over against someone. There is a saying never judge a book by its cover well this statement is challenged by the start impression is the last impression. I personally add together with the first statement, but characters in the story do not. The theme is basically based on issues affecting marriage, status of women, romance and opinions.The story is about Mr and Mrs bennet and their five daughters Jane, Elizabeth (also known as Lizzy/enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic a ssay), Mary, Lydia and Kitty. The white avens family is the unhappy marriage of Mr and Mrs bennet, the quote in chapter 20 informs the reader about this from this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents. Your mother depart never see you again if you do not marry Mr collins, and I will never see you again if you do? This is spoken by Mr Bennet, this shows that the couple do not agree on situations and if they dont agree and also keep such conditions to their children they are not happy with such a marriage.The story opens with a conversation between Mr and Mrs Bennet. The dialogue significantly acquaints the reader to the personality, which the two characters render. Mr Bennet appears to be mollify and at ease, he is also intelligent and sarcastic, whereas Mrs Bennet is boisterous, over excited and is constantly trying to get her daughters married. In the book she is almost a extravaganza in addition she also lacks the intelligence of her husband. Due to Mr Bennet is g etting old and when he dies the familys possessions will be inherited by Mr Bennets closest male relative, Mrs Bennet is under immense pres certainly. This is because when Mr Bennet dies the Bennet family will be left homeless and the lady friends will be in desperate need for marriage. In chapter 1 (page 5) Mrs Bennet negotiation about Netherfield park which is let at last .she affirms that A single man of rotund fortune has brought it whose name is Bingley.She carries on saying what a fine amour for our girls. This shows to the reader that she is adamant on getting her daughters married. She confirms this by saying you must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. As all the daughters are single Mrs Bennet assumes Mr Bingley will fall in love with one of them. Jane the first of the sisters is the prettiest and is also good from the heart, as she does not acknowledge anything bad in any one this is because she is naive. Elizabeth is the second eldest and is dearest t o Mr Bennet i.e. when he talks about bingley meeting the girls he mentions I must throw in a good word for my Lizzy (page 6).She also is not half so enceinte as Jane, but she is intelligent Lizzy has some thing more of quickness than her sisters.(page 6). Jane and Elizabeth are the main daughters in the book, they both admit different opinions. Elisa decide people by first impressions, whereas Jane never judges anyone, she can never see anything negative in anyone, not even her mum. Mary is he quietist out of the girls, she is sensitive, works hard for everything and is more to her self. On the other hand Kitty and Lydia ( the youngest out of the girls)are always chasing soldiers, they are good humoured and enjoy dancing.The Bennets attend the ball hosted by Bingley who is introduced to the sisters, but takes distinct interest in Jane Bennet. This is noticed when Bingley dances with Jane twice. Darcy is introduced by his friend Bingley at the Netherfield ball. He catches Elizabet hs eye straight away as he is good looking and also because he possesses a large fortune. Bingley persuades Darcy to dance, but as Darcy is not fond of dancing unless he is fully acquainted with his spouse he says no. Bingley mentions Elizabeth and asks Darcy to dance with her, but Darcy replies she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me.(page 11). Darcy also says that Bingley you are dancing with the wholly handsome girl in the room (page 11). Bingley adds to that Oh she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld..(page 11).The ball is the main event in the story, as the conversation between Darcy and Bingley in which they speak of Elizabeth is over heard by Elizabeth. Elisa feels that she has been judged and her pride which has been hurt then goes on to judge Darcy.PREJUDICE the word means preconceived opinion. It is an assumption in this case of what a person is like, it is a negative judgement against someone.Elizabeth is prejudice against Darcy, as he spoke wron g of her behind her back. The fact that Wickham and Darcy are not really the best of friends escalates her hatred for Darcy, due to the fact Wickham proves him self a break off person than Darcy. This hatred of hers forces her to like Wickham, as she thinks that he is the better man.Chapter 15 is when Lizzy is introduced to Wickham and all the women around him give him a lot of attention, as he is good looking (Wickham is fond of female attention). He meets Lizzy when he has just bought commissions in the militia to gain a higher status, this is where Darcy comes and Elisa notices the tension between the two. Wickham later explains the reason for the enmity between them. Wickhams explanation is that Darcy made him part with all the money and property that late Mr Darcy gave to him, as he was jealous of the relationship between late Mr Darcy and Wickham. Elizabeth has remembered something in Darcy and that is that if some one offends or hurts him in any way, he can be very unforgiv ing (Lizzy brings this up at the second Netherfield ball)At the second Netherfield ball Lizzy cannot find Wickham and Darcy asks her for a dance. Elizabeth agrees only because she wants to find put more on Darcy and Wickhams not so great relationship. Darcy is drawn to Elizabeth every time he sees her and Elizabeth hates him even more. When dancing very little words are spoken. For I occupy always seen a great similarity in the return of our minds (page 74). By saying this Elisa is being humourous and sarcastic, she is criticising Darcy, but Darcy does not realize and is drawn to her fine eyes. She also says to him and never allow yourself to be blinded by prejudice.She is trying to say that you make mistakes by making judgement on first impressions. In my opinion it is very easy to see someone elses faults before our own. This is exactly what Elisa is doing, but ironically as she later admits this is her fault to. Elizabeth begins to talk about Wickham she notices a sudden change in Darcys body language and his facial impressions. Darcy makes a comment on how Wickham can make friends, but cant keep them Mr Wickham is blessed with such happy manners as may ensure his making friend whether he may be equally capable of retaining them is less certain (page 74). Darcy does not give any other reasons for thing Wickham.Mr Collins is the cousin of Mr Bennet and all the Bennets property will be his when Mr Bennet dies as he is the closest male relative. Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth as Jane is likely to be engaged to Mr Bingley, as hinted by Mrs Bennet. He makes this proposal in chapter 19. Mr Collins at breakfast asks for a private reference with Elizabeth and Mrs Bennet agrees even though Elizabeth doesnt want to. Mrs Bennet Oh dear-Yes-certainly. I am sure Lizzy will be very happy-I am sure she can have no objection. (page 84).As soon as everyone leaves the room he compliments Elizabeth your modesty, so far from doing you any disservice, rather adds your ot her perfections. I feel that he starts off with this line, so Elisa emotionally breaks down, and accepts his proposal. She is silent after this speech as she finds it comical and she feels that if she says something she might laugh his feelings, made Elizabeth so near laughing (page 84). Mr Collins understands her silence to be a convincing yes and he carries on explaining his reasons for marrying. However after his speech, Elisa rejects his proposal. He is shocked as he considered her silence to be an act playing hard to get.Elizabeth You are to hasty sir. You forget have made no answer let me do it further loss of time. Accept thanks for the complements you are paying me. I am sensible to do other wise decline them. Through out the whole of the proposal he did not mention love for Elizabeth. He mentions his reason for this proposal Miss Jenkinson, who advises him to marry someone with a higher status, so he is not alone. Mr Collins, You must marry. Chuse properly, chuse a gentle woman for my sake and for your own This relates to Charlotte Lucass speech on marriage for love and marriage and just to have a partner. Mrs. Bennet and Elizabeths decision and her father tells her that your mother will never see you again do not marry Mr. Collins and I will never see you again if do. (page 90) Her father supports her decision. later on this Mr Collins marries Charlotte (Lizzys friend) and Charlotte invites Elisa to stay at her house in Kent. Jane writes a letter to in which she states that she does not meet Mr Bingley in town. For this Elizabeth suspects Darcy. She suspects Darcy because of Colonel Fitz William (Darcys cousin). Fitz William to Elisa what he told me was merely this that he congratulated himself on having lately saving a friend from the incommode of a most imprudent marriage (page ). In chapter 34 Elizabeth is at home, reading that particular letter from Jane. This is when Darcy enters the room and paces up and down the room, he eventually proposes you must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire you and love you (page 147). The anger for Darcy In Elisa suddenly fades away she lost all kindness in anger (page 148). But when he comments on the Bennet her anger returns e.g. when Mrs Bennet and Lydia were made at the second Netherfield ball.Mrs Bennet says what is Mr Darcy o me that I should be afraid of him? I am sure we owe him no particular civility as to oblige to say anything, he may not hear. Mrs Bennet thought Mr Darcy would have not heard what she said, but she was wrong. Mr Darcy also comments on Lydia and Kittys behaviour. When Elisa asks her mother to lower her voice, Mrs Bennet points out that there is no reason to offend Mr Darcy as she will get no advantage, you will never recommend yourself to his friend, by doing so.What she is trying to say is that he will tell Bingley to marry Jane, because the family are bad mannered, so are not suitable. The irony is prophetic, because it is very close to what happens in the chapter. Elizabeth makes it clear that she knows that it was Darcys fault Jane did not meet Bingley when she went town. Darcy I have been good to Bingley more than I have been to myself. Darcy is saying that he has been good to Bingley as he will not get married in a bad family, whereas if Lizzy accepts the proposal he will be getting married in a bad mannered family. Darcy in my point of view is being a hypocrite.Elizabeth is patiently listening and both are not trying to shoe their feelings e.g. Elisa is furious She tried nevertheless to compose herself to answer him with patience (page 148). (As Jane Austen is a woman she can write down exactly how Elisa would react in situations, but as Darcy is a man, Jane Austen is not acquainted to his feelings, so she judges him by describing his body language). Elizabeth rejects Darcys proposal and he is shocked Mr Darcy changed colour (page 149). She made her reasons not to go unnoticed. The first reason was for insulting her at the first Netherfield ball insulting me, you chose to tell me that you liked me against your will (page 149). And the words he spoke at the ball which mortify her pride she is tolerable, but she is not handsome enough to tempt me (page 11).The second reason being, the interference that in like mannerk place in Bingley and Janes relationship. Darcy did not tell Bingley Jane had come to town to visit him, so the relationship between Bingley and Jane came to an end. Elisa Believes that Darcy had no right to ruin her sisters love life to accept the man who has been the means of ruining, perhaps for ever happiness of a most beloved sister? (page 149).The third reason Elisa gave was on the in rightness done to Wickham you have deprived the best years of his life of that independence which was no less his due than his desert (page 150). She also mentions on page 149 that thanks to Wickham she found out what the real Darcy was like your character was unfolded in the recital which I received m any months ago from Mr Wickham. She says this due to the explanation Wickham gave her about his misfortunes. She tells Darcy about these so called misfortunes of Wickham, and blames it all on him. Darcy replies contemptuously his misfortunes-yes, his misfortunes have been great indeed.(page 150). After Elizabeths speech Darcy cried and this, is your opinion of me.Darcy had been shocked by Elizabeths view and after apologising he hurriedly left the room (page 151). After leaving Darcy goes home and writes a letter to Elisa explaining his faults and everything else that he has done so far according to Elizabeth. Elizabeth receives the letter and With no expectation of pleasure, but with the strongest curiosity (page 152) she opens it. This cannot be This must be the grossest false hood (page 159). This is the reaction of Elisa after reading Darcys letter. She cant believe she trusted Wickham and his phoney explanation. She realised that Wickham is such a shrewd man, he tried to elope with Darcys sister, Georgina, just to get her 32,000 and she was just 15 years of age. In my opinion Darcy was right to hate Wickham.She perfectly remembered everything that passed in the conversation between Wickham and herself (page 161). This means that many of the expressions were still fresh in her mind. After reading Darcys letter Elisa changes her attitude towards Darcy in a positive way and towards Wickham in a negative way, as she now knows the truth. How differently did everything now appear in which he was concerned (page 161). Now Elizabeth sees everything clearly, it is like the clouds have moved away and the clear sky is visible. Everything seems different as the curtains have risen revealing the real Wickham and his lies.She grew absolutely ashamed of her self of neither Darcy nor Wickham could she think without feeling had been blinded partial prejudice, absurd (page 162). She is thinking of her first reply to the letter, which in actual was resentment and anger. She now understood that she was quick to judge others, she saw their errors, before her own. She is ashamed of herself for being prejudice against Darcy. He declared himself to have been totally unsuspicious of her sisters attachment and she could not help remembering what Charlottes opinion had always been.It was not Darcys fault, Jane did not give any signs that she liked Bingley Darcy was just trying to save his friend from pain. Charlotte had said that a woman should not conceal her affections Bingley likes your sister undoubtedly but he may never do more than like her, if she does not help him on. She remembered Charlotte saying to he that Jane should show Bingley that she likes him too. Yet merited reproach, her sense of shame was severe. The justice of the charge struck her too forcibly for denial (page 162-163), she realises that she and Darcy are exactly the same. Till this moment I never knew myself, she realizes the mistakes she has made.Pride and prejudice affects Elizab eth and Darcys relationship. Pride is the sense of superiority and satisfaction within a person and if a person is proved wrong or someone has said something about the too great opinion that they have of them selves, then it hurts their pride. And if their pride is hurt, their sense of superiority leads them to make a fast biased preconceived opinion against that someone. This is exactly how Elizabeth and Darcys relationship is affected. Pride was the obstacle in their relationship, Elisas pride was hurt and she became prejudice against Darcy. Prejudice emotionally blinded Elisa therefore she couldnt see the real Darcy.After reading Darcys letter, Elisa realises her mistakes and she now knows that she was quick to judge others. Since she is no more blinded by her pride, she can see the clear picture of Darcy, Darcy who is now the better man. After reading his letter she changes her opinion about Darcy in a positive way as she knows the truth.

Political party in france

General Introduction The Parties have become a major player In politics In the late ordinal century. The mental process of political regimes is deeply committed to the existence of these political parties that did not exist in the eighteenth century and were still embryonic in the early nineteenth century. In the totalitarian, one- political party organizing manipulation. This explains the importance of parties in this type of regime.The importance of parties is also true In pluralist democracies because there Is a democratic competition intention amidst political parties that compete for the conquest of Institutions and power. As the parties have a monopoly of electoral offer, they effectively control all elected offices, this means that the party has a practical(prenominal) monopoly on the selection of leaders. For all these reasons, if we want to understand how liberal democracies work, one must understand how a political party works. What is a political party?A political par ty is an organized association that brings together citizens united by a common Ideology or philosophy, which she seeks fulfillment , with the goal of inquest and make out of power. This Is an organization In the service of an Idea. The political environment is not the same everywhere. It may give a different country to another characteristic of a locality to another. These characteristics result in particular the diversity of political parties, but also systems of parties that ar not uniform. In France, the role of political parties has been enshrined in the spirit of 1 958 (art. 4), which since 1999 also gives their mission Is to promote equal access for women and men to electoral mandates and elective functions. Law f 11 March 1988 on the finance of political parties said they form and pursue their activities freely, they are endowed with legal personality and house crawfish legal action. ) The French political system can often seem bewildering and difficult to follow. Comp ared to Britain or the ASSAI, France seems to have a plethora of political parties.Politicians, supposedly of the political right, may be heard defending positions much often held by political parties of the left in many other countries, and In recent French history, a good proportion of the economic liberations that has taken place In France has been pushed through by governments of the left. -Type of political parties In a country, political parties are not all identical. Several factors can help to steal the number and quality of members, voting, discipline or schools of thought.Depending on each element, we will have several types of parties. The most common distinction In political attainment lodges that which Is established by Maurice Diverge between cumulus Party and cellphone Party. We must therefore distinguish different types of parties A- The Cadre Party The Cadre Party was born in the nineteenth century. The Cadre Party its a parties they are parties of notables ( resulting in a first time, the bourgeoisie or aristocracy) and traditionally are right or center. Example the Radical Party in France.The first parties were historically Cadre Parties. It was Initially parliamentary groups together the reputation, prestige, and sometimes money. All these parties remain poorly structured. The authority is exercised within the party executive is both personal and decentralized. It normally operates at the district and national bodies cadre parties are little to a greater extent than the Juxtaposition of local regularises. B- The Mass Party The Mass Party was born in the early twentieth century with the development of Socialism and Communism.Their goal is the revolution of society and the creation of a new social order. For this, they rely on a structured and hierarchical organization and a large number of members and ensuring pecuniary autonomy and supervision of party voters Example the Socialist Party in France Unlike Cadre Parties, which are cr eated spontaneously, Mass Parties were the result of a conscious . famed party executives are reluctant to defend extreme positions, specially if they are contrary to their interest.These considerations explain the emergence in the late nineteenth century Mass Parties and the fact that the first of them were socialist parties. Two objectives necessitate the creation of a Mass Party compensation by the number of low social influence of the proletariat and educational purposes. The operation of the Mass Party rigorously apply democratic principles. Members are similar to the electorate. They elect delegates to the congress who meet regularly and take the most important decisions adoption and amendment of the statutes, election management bodies.

Context of human services Essay

Social changes in diverse societies argon brought about by several factors such as maintaining order and obligation within and outside the society. In this case, human services such as attending offering medical attendance, and avoidance of social evils such as corruption, atomic number 18 portrayed as major opportunities for the social changes. Many people see mental anomaly as curable. In real case, one coffin nailnot be all told cured from it, but the most promising fact is that it can be recovered and maintained.People in the society are more often support to live with mentally challenged as they support them from day to day. They should be friendly to them since it is not the wish of the victims to be what they are. Family environment has been considered the best in purvey of wangle to the victims of mental illness. Presently, many people prefer discharging their patience from hospitals as soon as possible since the write downs increases from day to day. Insurance reimbu rsements by both private and political sectors usually provide a cover of not more than sixty days to the patients.These days are adequate enough to recover the mental patients. some(prenominal) organizations have come up to attend the patience and also provide moral support to them. For example, The Office of Protective Commission and the Public Guardian has been open to help the mentally challenged individuals cope with the environment they are in. such organizations have maintained social order as evidenced from their efforts to protect the ill from creation taken advantage of (Hasenfeld, 2009) Members of the society should be boost and given knowledge about the mental disorder.In so doing, they will be actively encouraged to handle the victims with proper care, love, respect and most of all with dignity since the victims are also human beings thus they deserve tender care. Mental illness has got no specific cause. However, causes has been identified as either due to heredit ary factors (it exists in the family linage), caused by organic diseases and plain sometimes by environmental situations such as one being subjected to adverse stress. This disorder has got no borders and any person can be a victim, indiscriminate of his religion, gender or race and even age (Hopkins & Austin, 2004)Health systems in some parts of the world are a times selective in provision of services to its customers. Not everyone stands couple rights in services offered. Depending on your pocket or rather financial strength one is likely to get better services than the poor. Patience that may require argent medical attention is kept on waiting bays for long. This is as a result of the financially stable personnel not detect the rule of first come first served basis. Such issues have been of much negativity to the society since others have lost their loved ones at the bays and the emergency rooms.Also, the control number of qualified persons may be a contributing factor. In s ome circumstances, the patient attendants may be reluctant in provision of services. deplorable thoughts that propel them towards this could be such as assuming that patients could have gone to private organizations with relatively shorter queues than theirs, for fast delivery of services. It is much disgusting to realise reality of inequality in any society. This is whereby when one is rich, he/she gets richer and richer, and in most instances at the expense of others (Pease & Camilleri , 2001).Strengthening the civil society can be a way of addressing social issues such as social injustices, discrimination, violence and even poverty. A strong society can enhance better governance, tolerance and can also maintain peace within its borders. People who are socially responsible have got no time to engage in activities that will in one way or another haunt others, for example negligently polluting the environment, discriminating against others and even engaging in violence. Currently, reforms have been put in distinguish with an aim of strengthening communities.Public are encouraged to participate in policy making. Several governments have taken initiatives of letting its citizens participate in finish making thus enabling the nation to thrive well in cost of political, economical and social development (Patti ,2008). Social evils such as corruptions are a major issue towards the existence of social injustices. Corruption has been a reason behind increase in the levels of poverty in the societies and also developmentally challenged growth in the economy. Corruption is as a result of poor governance.Those in the government can carelessly use the funds at the expense of the public thus being a leeway to social irresponsibility. It is clear therefore that this evil in the society should be emphasized on and justly dealt with so as to bring social order and also desirable changes for the development in the society (Laurence & Heinrich, 2000). In summary, it is clear that opportunities of success in terms of social changes can be as a result of human participation in service provision. Social order is enhanced through provision of better services in diverse sectors and also through good governance.

Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?

The Tamburlaine contacts are two works written by Christopher Marlowe. In this essay I will discuss why the plays were so appealing to audiences in Marlowes time and whether they are still as appealing to a modern audience and why. The character of Tamburlaine can be compared to some historical characters the most right being Timur the Lame, a historical ruler over most of central Asia. Richard Wilson compares him to Tsar Ivan IV, commonly kn aver as Ivan the Terrible, the 16th century Emperor of Russia, whose domineering rule, may well be replayed in Tamburlaine. (pp.51, R. Wilson, 1996.)The first of the two Tamburlaine plays was performed in 1587, following Marlowes graduation from Cambridge. The second was most probably written and performed later following the success of Tamburlaine Part 1 in the theatres. Some critics however believe that the two plays were written and performed togetherin November 1587Philip Gawdy describes how in a piece of late presented by the Lord Admi rals Men an actor, called onto fire a gun at one of his fellows tied to a stake, missed his aim killing a pregnant woman, a child and maiming others. This has often been taken to refer to Tamburlaines execution of the governor of Babylon in the final act of Part II, but the assumption cannot be verified.(pp. 69, V. discrediting Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994)Alsoin 1588 Robert Greenecould allude to Marlowe daring theology out of heaven with the Atheist Tamburlan, a far less ambiguous reference to the scene in which Tamburlaineorders the dying of the Koran and defiantly daring Mahomet to come d give and punish his impiety.(pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994)Conversely it may be possible that in the eyes of a 16th Century audience, Tamburlaines actions would not be considered heretical because the Elizabethans knew Tamburlaine to be an infidel and would be not see the Quran as a Holy book compared to their own Bible. Had he burned the Bible the case would induce been very differ ent. The issues of holy texts were hotly debated during this time as in each English church thither had now been placed a new English langu get on with bible, which was in many a(prenominal) parishes regarded as an alien book. The emphasis on holy text would spend a penny resonance for an Elizabethan audience having suffered over the last 40 years the changes between English and Latin Bibles and the Catholic and Protestant religion.Tamburlaine often refers to God as Jove, the Roman divine ruler, but only when he is expressly defying God.Tamburlaine The God of warfare resigns me to his room,Meaning to make me general of the worldJove viewing me in weapons system looks pale and wan,Fearing my power should pull him from his throne.(Act V, scene ii, line 388.)This quote shows Tamburlaine referring to God as Jove while believing he has the power to overthrow god, he says God fears him. This could show a certain awareness of the heretical reputation of his deeds. He would rather refer to a God that he does not believe in than use the one he does. A share of him does fear God but Tamburlaine does not want to recognise it. To show fear is weakness. Weakness is not acceptable in a man in Tamburlaines position of power and his self-importance. Tamburlaine although essentially Moslem, seems to be indecisive in his religious beliefs. In the first play he refers extensively to the way of Mohammed or Mahomet as he is called in the text, then nearing the end of the second play he denounces him as not seemly of being worshipped and burns the Quran. This act which would cause uproar today especially to British Muslims, if not Muslims of all nationalities, would not have had the same effect on a sixteenth-century audience, in 1587 there were a couple of(prenominal) if any British Muslims, they were thought of and referred to as infidels, ungodly and wicked.A recent production of Tamburlaine at the Barbican in London in 2005, directed and adapted by David Farr, censored this part of the text in order to not incite religious reprisals, key references to Mohammed were alike cut from the play especially from the book burning sceneSimon Reade, artistic director of the Bristol Old Vic, said that if they had not altered the original it would have unnecessarily raised the hackles of a significant proportion of one of the worlds great religions.The burning of the Koran was smoothed over, he said, so that it became in force(p) the destruction of a load of books relating to any culture or religion. That made it more powerful, they claimed.(D. Alberge, 2005)In my opinion the final sentence of this quote is inappropriate because I receive that the burning of the Quran is an incredibly important part of the play, without it being the Quran it completely changes what the scene means and how controversial it would be to modern audience. The Quran is a holy text, burning just a load of books renders the scene completely unnecessary and irrelevant to the play an d takes Tamburlaines death, completely out of context, if indeed his death is an act of God, for him burning the Quran, as many interpretations claim. Terry Hands the director of Tamburlaine by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 and Charles Nicholl, the author of The Reckoning The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, opposed this censoring as did Inayat Bunglawala, the media secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain, who said In the context of a fictional play, I dont think it will have offended many large number. Britain was a wholly and unwaveringly Christian nation in 1587 no one would oppose the destruction of a book of another holy order, which they believed to be blasphemous.Violence and the disorder of war was part of contemporary Elizabethan England. Public execution and punishment in gruesome manners was a form of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays. As was make an example of those executed, as Tamburlaines victims are hung on the city walls, many beheaded c riminals had their head displayed on spikes to warn others. Many plays performed at this time used war or famous historic heroes of war as a basis for their storylines and often had what is to a modern eye grotesque and appalling episodes of violence. This is shown in Shakespeares Titus Andronicus (1584), without doubt his most bloody play.Marlowe achieved far greater fame and popularity than Shakespeare at the same point in their theatrical careers (both born 1564).(pp.95, C. Breight, 1996)With the exception of Titus Andronicus Shakespeare did not really come into his own until the early 1590s and was not recognised as great playwright until his later life, whereas Marlowe was celebrated through his early life before he died at the age of 29. Marlowe was genius and his work was well known and widely performed by the time of his death.The language in much of Shakespearean text is very elaborate and although a sixteenth-century audience may have been able to understand it better than a modern audience, Marlowes language is much more direct. This gives much more impact and says what it means difference the dramatic potential for the delivery.Tamburlaine Your fearful minds are thick and misty then,For there sits Death, there sits imperious Death,Keeping his circuit buy the slicing edge.But I am glad you shall not see him there.He now is seated on my horsemens spears,And on their points his fleshless body feeds,Techelles, straight go charge a few of themTo charge these dames, and show my servant DeathSitting in scarlet on their armd spears.(Act V, scene ii, line 47)This quote shows how Marlowe uses a fair and more direct form of language than Shakespeares and this is and was part of his appeal to contemporary and modern audiences.The aggressive and ego-centric speech is impossible to perform in a unemotional and introverted manner and the stage presence of the actor is larger than life. In accordance with modern audiences, sixteenth-century audiences loved a ch aracter that they can hate, Tamburlaine can be compared to more modern comedic characters such as Flashheart in Blackadder and Jafar in Disneys Aladdin. These words and others in the play need to be performed to understand the full effect of what Tamburlaine is saying. He is teasing the virgins, he is making a joke out of the fact that they begged for mercy and he is still going to kill them. This ruthless and cruel nature is what makes Tamburlaine the man he is, it makes him such a loathsome character.Despite being a dislikeable character Tamburlaine is also a very passionate character, his determination and success in all his conquests, his love for Zenocrate, his mercy shown in sparing her father after conquering Egypt almost make him a worthy role toughie for the 16th century man.Audiences were not necessarily intended to understand Tamburlaine such was his shock value and his capacity to break through the very fabric of clubhouse with his ceaseless conquests and unquenchable thirst for power. (novelguide.com, 2009)This quote describes Tamburlaine as shocking character which he is he is designed to shock and inspire an audience, his inspiration may not be as noticeable today in a less barbaric and more modern way of life, but to a 16th Century audience it would have been obvious, Tamburlaines enthusiasm for war was what England at the time wanted from its people for the impending war with Spain. He is a ruthless, power hungry, slaughterer who does not give the audience a chance to see how he would cope with defeat.Defeat is not an option for Tamburlaine, just as defeat was not an option for Queen Elizabeth I when she launched the fire ships against the Spanish Armada just a year later in 1588. Tamburlaine shows determination but it also shows him going too far, he forgets that hes mortal and he is still down here on the ground. He is still subject to God, although he heretically believes himself to be more powerful.All Elizabethans knew that a strong s ometimes even aggressive leader was essential for their safety in the 16th Century. Their experiences in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary Tudor both weaker monarchs in their capacities of leading and war must have been unsettling and remembered by theatre goers. Strong dynamic leaders such as Henry VIII and the later Elizabeth I gave a sense of peace and safety to at least part of the nation although there were still dissidents. The appeal of Tamburlaine as play could be partly because people could discuss him and his activities without fear of being thought treasonable. His strength as leader would have been commendable.A Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor have anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.This quote from Machiavellis The Prince was a European view on how a prince or other leader should be, it states how a person of a demean status can raise himself up from private to Prince as Tamburlaine has done from shepherd to King. It states that a princes sole study should be the art of war in his role as protector. Tamburlaine is a strong leader, his subjects are safe from any surrounding forces as shown in the way that Tamburlaine has fought off two advances from Callapine, the son of Bajazeth the causality Turkish ruler whom Tamburlaine tortured and humiliated. His knowledge and performance in war is unmatchable.In conclusion the Tamburlaine plays would have appealed to a 16th century audience for a number of reasons. Mainly for the various ways in which the character of Tamburlaine presents himself, as villain but also as an inspiration, as a man who has pass drunk with power, but also a strong leader who knows what he is doing on the battlefield. Tamburlaines self contradictions are endless. A 16th Century au dience would have enjoyed the build up to ultimate power then the anti-climatic downfall of their hero

Summary of Shooting an Elephant

Narration Shooting an Elephant To narrate is to describe an experience or a story that is linked in time. An effective reading usually relates a sequence of events that led to new knowledge or had a notable outcome (Aaron 60). George Orwell uses narration in Shooting an Elephant to support his thesis that imperialism is an immoral relationship of power because it compels the oppressor to act immorally to keep up appearances that he is right, just like his experience of shooting an elephant.Orwell was called to the market after a working elephant escaped his handler and killed a man. (Rule2)By the time he arrived the scene, the elephant was calm and has wandered into an open area away from the market. Orwell did not want to kill the elephant because it was calm and caused no threat. (Rule1)He had never intended to hurt the elephant, but with everyone watching, he felt as if he could not let them down. Orwell states, They the crowd did not like me, but with the magical pass in my ha nds I was momentarily worth watching (86).Therefore, he pulled the trigger and killed the elephant. He was regarded as a wise ruler, but on the early(a) hand, he knew that he was wrong in what he did. As a result, he finds himself doing whatever he must do, which in this case is to kill the elephant, to suspend looking a fool(89). (Rule4)Orwell symbolizes himself as the British imperialists, who were the ruling authority in Burma, andthe Burmese people as the elephant. Shooting the elephant is a symbolic of the side of meat governments relationship with the Burmese people.By narrating the experience of killing an elephant, George Orwell presents a good model of narration. His narration brings out a notable outcome, which is his thesis that imperialist have to controller their indentured servant by showing their power.Work Cited Aaron, Jane E. , ed. 40 Model Essays. New York Bedford/ St. Matins, 2005. Orwell, George. Shooting an Elephant. 40 Model Essays. Ed. Jane E. Aaron. New Y ork Bedford/ St. Martins, 2005. 82-89.

War, by Luigi Pirandello and Denial

This is perfectly demonstrate In the short story War, by Lugging Primordial. In War, the character called the fat traveller or old human being gives testament to the effects of denial. Upon analysis, it is revealed that he is a dynamic character with Primordials usage of characterization and his eventual transformation. Primordials characterization of the fat traveler follows a linear process a marked emergence, explanation of his beliefs, the other characters reaction to him, and his transformation. The manner which he is Introduced sets the humor and tone for him, s he enters though loudly Interrupting a conversation with Nonsense.He Is described as a fat, red- mettled man with bloodshot eyes of the palest colour. He was panting Trying to cover his mouth with his hand so as to hide the dickens missing front teeth. At this point, he carries a negative tone, with the mood thick in disrespect. Every detail about him carries a negative con nonation, from being fat to toothless. This is not by accident, as he is displayed as a decrepit individual no per password wants to become. This primes the reviewer to be skeptical of him, and what he stands for (War 08)_ This is directly followed by an explanation of his beliefs.It would seem that the fat traveler is desirous in his beliefs, as it is written that From his bulging eyes seemed to spurt inner violence of an uncontrolled vigour which his weakened body could hardly contain. This illustrates him as speaking with fervor, with him placing so much energy Into what he says that his body can hardly take it. This Image complements the manner which he responds to the other travelers statement of Our children do not belong to us, they belong to the clownish through using a monologue Bosh, Do we think of the country when we give life to our children?We belong to them but they never belong to us. And when they reach twenty they are barely what we were at t replacement age. We too had a father and mother, but there were so m any other things as well and the Country, of course, whose call we would have answered-?when we were twenty-? even If father and mother had said no. Now, at our age, the fill out of our Country is still great, of course, but stronger than it is the deal of our children. Isnt it natural that at their age they should consider the love for heir Country (l am speaking of decent boys, of course) even greater than the love for us?Isnt it natural that it should be so, as after all they must look upon us as upon old boys who cannot move any more and must sit at home? If Country is a natural necessity desire bread of which each of us must eat In order not to patriotism, that everyone has an innate, natural love for their country and that the only thing the parents love more than country are their sons. This is reinforced by the precise husbands explanation of his wifes behavior that she is overtaken with grief cause their son, a boy of twenty years to whom both the husband and wife had prone their entire life, is to be direct to the front-lines (Primordial 108).The fat man continues, stating that they, as parents of soldiers, should not be terrified for their boys because their sons are proud to fight and die for the country they love And our sons go, when they are twenty, and they dont want tears, because if they die, they die aggravate and happy (l am speaking, of course, of decent boys). Now, if one dies young and happy, without having the sides of life what more can we ask for him? Everyone should die ugly crying because my everyone should laugh, as I do r at least thank God-?as I do son, before dying, sent me a message saying that he was dying having terminate his life in the best way he could have satisfied at wished. That is why, as you see, I do not even wear bereavement (109) The fat mans beliefs allude to the romantic nonesuch of war, an ideal that became savagely antiquated during World War l. In the war, millions of young men lost th eir lives in the boot of nationalism, and the citizenry were left disillusioned to the mystic of war. The fat man perfectly personifies his, as he is an ugly, unshapely individual speaking of pride and grandeur.Also, up at this point he is only referred to as any the fat man or the fat traveler. The word fat connotes to him be full of it, or not telling the truth (full of it). This connotation is revealed through his body language after his monologue, as his livid rima oris over his missing teeth was trembling, his eyes were watery and motionless, and soon after he ended with a shrill laugh which might well have been a sob (109). It is used to relate to two things, that there is no glory in war and that he is lying about not exhausting running about his son.In response to the fat mans speech, the other travelers state Quite so Quite so And nod in agreement. The fat mans words had a special effect on the portly woman. At this point in the story, the he is presented as the foil to her. She is introduced as being in deep mourning and keeping to herself while the fat traveler is proud and abrupt. Upon hearing his speech, She realizes that it isnt the others who are wrong but herself who could not turn up up to the same height of those fathers and mothers willing to resign themselves, without crying, not only to the aperture of their sons but even to their expiration.Her transformation of thought is short-lived, as she snaps out of it, Just as if she had heard nothing of what had been said and closely as if waking up from a dream and asks the old man, Then Is your son really unawares? The old man turned to look at her, fixing his great, bulging, horribly watery light gray eyes, deep in her face. For some time he tried to answer, but words failed him. He looked and looked at her, almost as if only then at that silly, incongruous question-?he had suddenly realized at last that son was really dead-?gone forever-?forever.His face contracted, horribly distort ed, then he snatched in spate a handkerchief from pocket and, to the amazement of everyone, broke into harrowing, heart- became time the fat traveler is called old. gray connotes to him being delicate and fragile. When directly confronted with the question of losing his son, he was forced to accept the grim truth that his son was gone and this reality breaks him (109). In the context of the story, Primordial uses the old man to showcase the effects of denial.Right from the counterbalance he is described as ugly and malformed, with a desire to splay his beliefs aggressively. It appears he is trying to urge the other travelers to stop crying and be happy, but he is really trying to convince himself. change surface though he says that he does not even wear mourning, his body begins to tremble at the mention of it. He cant even address his sons death directly, as he only mentions that his son sent him a message before dying. When the portly woman asks him if his son is really dead, he is forced to face the reality that his son was really dead-?gone forever-?forever.

I hold my duty as i hold my soul both to my God Essay

Polonius statement, found in accomplishment twain, moving-picture show dickens, reflects the symmetry and run of the ball club he hots in. He inhabits a knowledge domain of certainty and chivalrous convention. The play can be seen to quarrel the statement, both in the action and in the characters, particularly in the character of crossroads himself. It is critical point, the renaissance reality of the play, whose controversial attitude is constantly seen to challenge the medieval certainties that could nevertheless be seen in Jacobean family. cling to was placed on duty to the monarch and to God the institution of marriage was sacred and scientific cogitate was absolute and definite.All these things atomic number 18 challenged in Shakespe atomic number 18s hamlet. The social and cultural climate of Jacobean inn was such that certainties and conventions were held in high esteem- Shakespeargons machinatetlement is written in the context of, for example, the social power structure of the time, the medieval court, and religion. All of these ar challenged in the play by both the characters and the p circle. Even the very rebound of the statement challenges these certainties, for the couplet is a chiasmus- the symmetrical structure reflects the very nature of the society in which Polonius lives.In Shakespeares time society was beginning to ask approximately of the nouss which Shakespeare addresses through the character of Hamlet. Most hoi polloi embraced a rational, scientific line of conjectureing Elizabethans were non al paths heavily superstitious. For example, in Act one, Scene one, Horatio expresses doubt at the existence of the ghost Before my God, I might not this believe Without the aware and true avouch Of mine avouch eyes. They too began to question the old hierarchy and the natural order of things- such as God and gracious exponent upon the dawn of the Renaissance.The creative thinker of society as a fixed structure an d everything being ordained in the world was indeed a strong certainty. Hamlet has a clear vision of things as they are he is a realist, a Renaissance man, hostile characters such as Claudius and Polonius who Shakespeare portrays to be lacking in vision. Shakespeare shows the court to be full of people who think that all these things are absolute simply because they have always been a certain way. Hamlet is also the main vehicle through which Shakespeare conveys his views.Hamlet has indeed been brought up with medieval and religious certainties too. Or that the permanent had not fixd His canon gainst self- slaughter. A modern audience may very swell up see Hamlet as being rather tame- a twenty-first century rebel would not acknowledge proprieties such as the divine ban on suicide- but Hamlet seeks more than visit. He is a melancholy individual, who searches for the answers to some of these questions through the title statement, Shakespeare challenges his contemporary audience and the modern audience to question these certainties too.Hamlets clear vision is in direct contrast to the other characters, in the wiz that he is the only character who is prepared to question these certainties and to try and define, in a sense, what the true nub of lifespan is, what it is all about. Shakespeare challenges the statement of duty to God and king by implying, through the character of Hamlet that life is underpinned by something other than the monarch and the church. Hamlet is totally aware of the beauty of the world thus far at the same time has a pessimistic outlook on the gifts of man as we are all destined to die anywayWhat piece of work is a man, How noble in reason, how innumerable in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in haul how like a god and yet to me what is this quintessence of dust? The character of Polonius is underpinned by values such as duty to God and king- this is illustrated not only in Act Two Scene Two but also in Act One Scene Three This above all to thine own self be true, As it must follow the night the day Thou canst not so be false to any man. This quotation illustrates a simplistic outlook on life. The main way in which Shakespeare challenges this outlook is, humorousally, in Polonius death. In Act Three, scene four, Polonius is casually and ignominiously killed by Hamlet O, I am slain. Polonius expresses surprise as much as anything, while Hamlet s speech reinforce the irony of Polonius self- importance I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune Thou findst to be too busy in some danger. Polonius is clearly at home in this ordered society and shows a passive acceptance of the status quo.He has a simple medieval outlook on life and clearly values his duty to his God and king however, he dies by ridiculous accident. Although throughout his life he has clearly endeavoured to serve these two entities to the best of his ability, he still dies an unnatural , brutal death. Shakespeare is therefore illustrating the irrelevance that these values have to life, both in Shakespeares era and now. The statement which Polonius makes in Act Two Scene Two about duty to God and King allows the reader to infer a lot about the character of Polonius and the world in which he lives- he does not seek new experience.These medieval certainties are also challenged in the character of Claudius. He is obviously not on the side of God- indeed, he seems to contradict the very reasoning of the church by the brutal manner in which he murders the king. It is ironic therefore that he seems to declare himself king by divine right as he very dies with a guilty conscience Theres such divinity doth hedge a king That treason can but peep to what it would, Acts little of his will. Here it appears that Claudius has conveniently forgotten exactly how he became king. Shakespeare is challenging the theme of kingship.He is showing the court to be full of people who thin k things are the way they are because they have always been done that way, such as Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The character of Claudius highlights the corruption of the medieval court. The intrigue and machiavellian machinations of the court are self justifying to all these people for example, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deceive Hamlet and go behind his back simply because they are serving their king. In Shakespeares time deception and delirium were commonplace if they would benefit the king.Although Claudius seems to take the moral high-ground throughout the play he has no good intentions toward Hamlet at all. Shakespeares Hamlet also challenges the institution of marriage- it is shown in the conduct of Gertrude and Claudius not be a sacred union but a justification for excessive promiscuity. Hamlet is distraught by his causes rapid re- marriage to his uncle after his commences death To post with such readiness to incestuous sheets. Shakesp eare invites us then to question the notion of a stable royal marriage, and the values that society had then and the values we have now.Hamlet is disgusted by their sexual excesses and, moreover feels he has been impair by them O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew. Shakespeare is challenging the moral philosophy of the royal marriage- the fact that Gertrude marries the kings own brother shortly after his death seems to mention the absence of love. In Hamlet, the tier of emotion and true respect in marriage is shown to be weak- it is slowly overruled by lust, as the ghost of the previous king states Let not the royal bed of Denmark be.A couch for luxury and damned incest. Hamlet is an unconventional strike back tragedy- Shakespeare subverts the genre. Hamlet is reluctant to take revenge whereas Laertes is hot- headed, impulsive and ready to avenge the murder of Polonius It warms the very sickness in my heart That I shall live and tel l him to his teeth, Thus diest thou. Shakespeare undermines the concept further by showing that Hamlet is not in fact a coward- his ideas are slightly more subtle. He is indeed hesitant about avenging his fathers murder- he passes up an opportunity to kill Claudius in ActThree, scene four, as he does not want to kill him in an act of redemption. This goes against the traditional idea of medieval and Jacobean revenge A villain kills my father, and for that To paradise. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge. This is a challenge to the genre because Hamlet is prepared to stay his time in order to achieve the perfect murder- he wont be spontaneous and impulsive. This is shown by the fact that he passes up an opportunity to kill Claudius. Shakespeares Hamlet has a good degree of relevance to life in the twenty- first century.Although some of the major themes, such as the court and incest, are no longer applicable to modern life, we can relate to some of the underlying themes such as love, sorrow and resentment we can relate to the emotional distress. Reasoning in Medieval Denmark where the play is set nor indeed in Jacobean society is not so different to our reasoning today- the majority of people today may not believe in ghosts but characters in the play, such as Horatio, and some people in Jacobean society do not believe in ghosts either. In Act one, scene five, Hamlet makes this very thought- provoking comment to HoratioThere are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. We have our certainties today- in the form of scientific reasoning but our certainties are equally dissipate and capable of being challenged. One of the main themes in Hamlet is death- we are still uncertain about what happens after we die. The character of Hamlet himself has a romantic, post modernist way of thinking everything is sex act and there are no certainties- only thoughts Nothing is good or bad. Thinking makes it so. In a sense here Ham let can be compared to the Romantics.Keats wrote in the context of Shakespeare Twixt damnation and impassiond carcass. (On Sitting Down To Read King Lear) This in a sense is what underpins Shakespeares Hamlet- the idea that whatever certainties are held in any given era will always be questionable, and open to discussion. Our certainties will always be challenged because nothing is definite, or absolute. This romantic concept is based on the idea that this is what life is about- challenging certainties in order to try and discover the ineffable truth about this world and the next.